This file is a special BLACK MAGIC Hypertext document. To read me
obtain MAGREAD.ARC from a local bulletin board, free of charge, or
send $7 to:
NTERGAID
2490 BLACK ROCK TPK SUITE 337
FAIRFIELD, CT 06840
to receive, a disk copy of MAGREAD.ARC.
You'll also get some of the latest documents written with BLACK MAGIC.
Thank You
NTERGAID, Inc.
î╪6+]'Ä╪X├εå─BεJ├PR║ εB O //////////////////// O O ////////////////////
2
2 ////////////////////" O O ////////////////////% N O ////////////////////& N M ////////////////////( N O ////////////////////) N M ///////////////////// N O ////////////////////0 N M ////////////////////9 O O ////////////////////> N
N ////////////////////F O O ////////////////////L
2
2 ////////////////////O
2
2 ////////////////////Q
2
2 ////////////////////R 2
2 ////////////////////S 2
2 ////////////////////T O O ////////////////////l O
F ////////////////////m N O ////////////////////n N M ////////////////////r
2
2 ////////////////////u
2
2 ////////////////////x
2
2 ////////////////////{ O O ////////////////////} O O ////////////////////ë N
N ////////////////////æ N
N ////////////////////û N
N ////////////////////Ö
O
F ////////////////////ú
N
N ////////////////////ª
N
N ////////////////////¬
N
N ////////////////////« O
F ////////////////////║ O
F ////////////////////═ N O ////////////////////╬ N M ////////////////////╤ N O ////////////////////╥ N M ////////////////////╫ N O ////////////////////╪ N M ////////////////////▄ 2
2 ////////////////////▌ 2
2 ////////////////////▐ 2
2 ////////////////////▀ 2
2 ////////////////////α N O ////////////////////ß N M ////////////////////Σ <
< ////////////////////Ω <
< ////////////////////ε <
< ////////////////////± <
< ////////////////////≤ <
< ////////////////////÷ 2 2 ////////////////////≈ ////////////////////° ////////////////////∙ ////////////////////· ////////////////////√ N N ////////////////////ⁿ ////////////////////² ////////////////////■ //////////////////// //////////////////// óQ ÜS //// 3 /////// óQ ÜS //// 3 /////// óQ ÜS //// 3 /////// óQ ÜS //// 3 /////// ' -┌──────────┐ ┌──────────┐ ┌──────────┐ ┌──────────┐ ┌──────────┐ │ 7 HELP │ │ 8 NEXT │ │ 9 ,PREVIOUS│ │ : CONTENTS│ │ ; QUIT │ └──────────┘ └──────────┘ └──────────┘ └──────────┘ └──────────┘ Chapter 4. Creation Movement, Creation, and Editing ... Editing Movement @ Extended ASCII Before you can do any type of document creation or editing, you must first
know how to navigate within a document. That is the purpose of the first part
of this chapter - To fully clarify moving within a document. Experienced
users probably can skip this section and move onto "Creation" or "Editing". Creating A Document Creating a document with Black Magic is as simple as typing. As soon as
Black Magic is loaded and running on your computer, it is automatically
running as a word processor. Thus to create a document, you merely have to
type. As you can see, pressing any key makes that character appear on the screen.
Treat the keyboard as you do any typewriter, and you'll do fine. However since Magic is not a typewriter, you will find some differences. Note - Here I do not mean the act of
writing a hypertext document, and the
thought process involved with that. I really mean the act of typing. For
more information on how the writing
process that goes into a hypertext
document, see Chapter 9. Differences Typing documents with Black Magic is distinctly different from typing them
using a typewriter. The differences that exist can be broken down as the
following: Word Wrap Justification
Return Key Word Wrap The first major difference is called Word Wrap. Word Wrap is simply the act
of taking words that are present on the end of a line near the margin, and if
they fall over the end of a line, wrapping them down to the next line. Justification < Using Justification Another major difference between your typewriter and Magic is justification.
Justification is the process of making the edge of the text a straight line,
rather than being ragged. An example of this is shown below. This is un-justified text, do you see how the right hand edges are not a straight line ? It tends to often look messy, although sometimes people prefer un-justified text. This on the other hand is an example of justified text. The edges are the same from line to line. It is done by inserting more spaces between letters than the normal single space as required. Return Key The other major difference from a typewriter is in Black Magic's treatment of the <Enter> key. Just to clarify things, the <Return> key on a typewriter is equivalent to the <Enter> key on a computer. For this section, they will be used interchangeably. On a typewriter, the <Return> key is used to end every line. In Black Magic, the <Return> key is only used either to end a line early or to insert spaces into a document. One occasion to use the <Return> key is after typing the salutation to a letter. This is demonstrated below. Dear John, I regret to tell you that you are ... The <Return> is pressed after the "," in the "Dear John,". This terminates the line so that Magic doesn't do anything (such as word wrap) to that line beyond printing it verbatim. The use of the <Return> key also terminates justification of a line. In short, the <Return> key is used when the text shown on the screen is how you want it to look, without any interference from the computer. Editing As you've probably surmised already, or know from previous experience, much of
the true power in word processing lies in its use for editing, not in
6composing. Having your document on screen, rather than on paper, gives you unlimited flexibility in editing. Words can be inserted, deleted, modified or
completely changed, easily and quickly. Modes - Insert/Overwrite Deleting Text Inserting Text Replacing Text The first step in editing is to determine what mode your keyboard is in. There are two modes: Insert and Overwrite. The Insert mode is the default for Magic. In the Insert mode whatever you type will be continually inserted into the text on screen. The second mode, Overwrite, makes what ever you type go over what is on screen. In other words deleting what is currently on screen and replacing it with what you typed. You toggle between the two modes by pressing the "0" key on the numeric keypad. (The <NumLock> must be off to toggle between these modes) You will notice that this key is also marked "Ins". This stands for "Insert". To aid you in determining what mode you are in, the command line displays: "Ins" near the line number when you are in insert mode. If you are in overwrite mode, nothing will be displayed. Whenever you are editing, it is important to know what mode you are typing in, as this will drastically affect your text. Deleting Text Replacing Text Inserting Text In the editing process, there are several ways to delete text including: <Del> key <Backspace> <Ctrl> <BackSpace> <Ctrl> D Blocks Although the use of the <Del> and <Backspace> keys are useful methods for
deleting text, they are slow and not well suited to eliminating large
quantities of text. A better way for deleting large quantities of text is
through the use of Blocks. However before we can discuss the use of blocks to delete text, we must first define what they are, so ... Blocks The <Del> key deletes by character,
pulling characters foward and then
deleting them. The <Del> key is located on the numeric
keypad next to the "0" (it is actually
the period key), and functions as a delete key. (To use the <Del> key, the
<NumLock> must be off) The <Backspace> key does exactly the
opposite of the <Del> key - It deletes
backwards a single character at a time. <Ctrl> <BackSpace> deletes text forward
by words, pulling each new word up to
the cursor position. <Ctrl> D deletes by line, pulling new
lines up to the cursor position and then
deleting them. Blocks are "chunks" of text that can be
moved or deleted all at once. Blocks UnDo Cut/Copy/Paste Block Commands Blocks as used in word processing are "chunks" of text that are treated the
same as single characters. In general anything you can do to a single
character, you can do to a block of text no matter how large the block is. Before you can use a block of text, you must first define it. In Black Magic
this is done by pressing <Shift> in conjunction with the arrow keys. You will
notice that any text you mark as a block is highlighted in blue; this is how Black Magic shows what is a block. Differences The Philosophy of the Block and hence an UnDo All block operations are performed through the use of a buffer. A buffer is
simply a dedicated area of storage that is reserved for a specific use. The
buffer that is dedicated to the use of blocks is called the Paste Buffer. All
block operations are accomplished through the use of the paste buffer. For
example, when a block is "Cut" from the text on screen, it is actually
removed from the document and stored in the paste buffer. There are three concepts that go along with Magic's use of blocks. Cut Copy Paste With these three concepts out of the way, we can return to a discussion of the
buffer. The paste buffer is used as a temporary storage area for blocks. As such it is
never truly empty, except prior to any block operations. Because there is only
one buffer, problems can be created when working with multiple blocks. Undo One use for the paste buffer is that with it, deleted blocks can be restored.
When the <Del> key is used to delete a block, it is actually thrown into the
paste buffer. Thus to "UnDo" the deletion, is as simple as pasting the text
back into place. Previously we mentioned the idea of "legitimate" block command. A
legititimate block command is simply a command that when used actually
pertains to blocks and does something related to them. The following list is
a summary of all "legitimate" block commands, with descriptions of their
functions. Block Commands .... Command Purpose <Shift><ArrowKey> Block Definition <Alt> <F5> Cut Block <SHIFT> <F5> Copy Block <F5> Paste Block <Del> Cut/Delete Block <Ctrl> <F5> Display Buffer <F6> Bold <Alt> <F6> Italics _ Underline Block <Ctrl> _ Double Underline Also see the section on hypertext for other applicable block commands. The above list summarizes the commands that are applicable to blocks and their
use. Now we can return to editing. Ths e Differences One thing that Magic does differently than other word processors, is how it treats the duration of its blocks. In some word processors, you can leave blocks defined while you go on and do something else. This is not the case with Magic; once you define a block using <Shift> arrow keys, some legitimate action must be performed on that block immediately otherwise when you resume typing, the block definition will disappear. The first concept is that of "Cut". Cut
is used to remove a block of text from
the document into the paste buffer. It is akin to taking a pair of scissors to
a newspaper to remove a block of text
(an article) and filing it in a drawer for future use. The second concept is that of "Copy".
Copy is used to place a block of text
into the paste buffer for future use WITHOUT removing it from the document.
Copy is akin to xeroxing a block of text
(an article) from a newspaper and filing it in the same drawer for future
use. The final concept is that of "Paste".
Paste is used to put what is in the
buffer into the document. Using paste
does not clear the paste buffer, it
merely writes its contents to the
document while leaving it in memory.
Paste is similar to gluing a copy of one
of the articles in the drawer back into
the newspaper. " Inserting Text There are three ways to insert text in Black Magic's word processor: Simply by Typing Striking <Enter> and typing Striking <Ctrl> <Enter> and typing
!Replacing Text Options An additional editing technique is that of search and replace. This technique
lets you specify a string to be found and then automatically replace that
string by one of your own choosing. This can be done in two fashions, either Globally or only from the cursor position forward. Replace is employed in the
following manner. Type the following: <F10> S R Black Magic will prompt you for the text that is to be searched for, and you
reply: Bartram <Enter> Black Magic then prompts you for the text that is to replace it, and you
reply: Bartram, A botanist, <Enter> Black Magic would then find the first occurrence of "Bartram", and prompt you
if it should be replaced. You answer: Y Because the query was answered with "Y", the text would be replaced with
"Bartram, a botanist,". Note - the confirming of each replace can be turned off by use of the options
(see section on searching above). Options The way that replace functions can be modified through the use of the options
commands. These commands can change whether or not the replace affects the
whole document (Global) or from the cursor location forward, and if Black Magic queries you whether or not each replacement should be performed. For
more information on the Options, please see the section on searching in this
chapter. The first option, typing, is a perfectly adequate way to insert text into a document although possibly a little bit awkward. To use typing however, Black Magic must be in insert mode, and not overwrite mode. This is checked by examining the command line. If the word "INS" is anywhere in the command line, then Black Magic is in INSert mode, and text can safely be typed. If "INS" is not visible on the command line, then Black Magic is in overwrite mode, and anything typed will overwrite the text on screen at the cursor location. To change between the modes, press <Ins>. This will toggle between the two modes. Once Black Magic is in insert mode, any text typed will be inserted at the cursor location. This method of insertion will act in a manner that seems to "push" and wrap the existing text off screen as more text is inserted. While not bad, the "pushing" is distracting, and makes this method of inserting text less desirable. The second method of inserting text into a document, is to press <Enter> several times at the location that you want to insert text. This will then insert many "blank lines" where there is no text into the document. Now to insert text, return to the top of the blank lines and type the insertion. After you are done, delete any extra blank lines with the <Del> key. The problem with this method is that the blank lines have to be inserted & the cursor brought back up & then you have to type. Again this is not bad, but not necessarily desirable. Hence a third method. The third method is similar to the first, but instead of striking <Enter>, <Ctrl> <Enter> is struck. This inserts a blank line into the text at the cursor position, but does NOT bring the cursor down with it. This is called a "line feed". It will insert blank lines into the text by "feeding" the text down while leaving the cursor where it is. Movement # Markers $ Searching = Mouse Use The first and primary way to move your position within a document is through the use of the arrow keys. There are two keyboards that are typically used for the IBM PC and compatibles. !Standard Keyboard Enhanced Keyboard "Practice The other step in using the arrow keys, is to combine their use with the <Ctrl> key. When this is done, the left and right arrows now move by word rather than by character. As you discovered, using the arrow keys to move to the end of a long document or to search for something in a document, is time consuming, tedious, and worst of all boring. Thankfully there are better ways. # % &Page Up & Page Down $ ' (Home & End Now that we've covered the ways to move about a document to a general location, lets discuss how to move to a specific location. This is done in two way: through the use of # markers, and through the use of the $ search command. The enhanced keyboard uses function keys along the top of the keyboard, and it has two set of arrow keys; one separate, and one embedded in the numeric keypad. The separate arrow keys can be used anytime, while the embedded keys must be activated by the <NumLock> key in the same method as the standard keyboard. The standard keyboard has its function keys along the left hand edge of the keyboard, and only a single set of arrow keys embedded in the numeric keypad. To use these arrow keys, the <NumLock> key must be off. This is shown in BlackMagic on the command line; if it is on a "N" appears on the command line and if it is off it does not. Once the "N" is missing from the command line, the arrow keys can be freely used. Now, with the different keyboards explained, and the arrow keys located, the next thing to do is to practice pressing them. As you can see, when you press the right arrow, it moves the cursor (the blinking underscore) right by one character. The left arrow will do the opposite, while the up and down arrows move the cursor up and down by one line respectively. And if you hold down arrow keys as you are using them, they repeat. % Markers or Placeholders # Uses
> More on Markers Markers/Placeholders are invisible locators that you can embed within your text to quickly access any given location. Once a marker is set, you can access it instantly from anywhere else in the document. To use a marker press <Alt> <NumberKey>. There are a maximum of nine (9) markers at any one time. There is no correlation between the number of the marker and its location in the document. The person defining the marker makes the choice as to where marker number one is placed and so on. It is a completely arbitrary process. To set a marker, press: <ALT> - <NumberKey> Here <NumberKey> is again used to indicate any number from 1 to 9. This will set marker number <NumberKey> at the line that the cursor is on. To erase any given marker, merely set a new one in its place. Markers are a tool designed to make writing and editing of a document easier, but they do have their ) *limitations. The typical use for markers is to get somewhere in the document FAST. They let you jump to the different nodes in a docuement easily because you don't have to find the link originators for those nodes. As an example, when writing this manual I kept markers 1 - 9 as chapters 1 - 9. This way I had instant access to any chapter from 1 - 9. However I did have some problems when I got to Chapter 10! &Searching $ Options $ Keyboard Shortcuts ? More on Searching The other way to go to a specific location is through the use of the search function. This process works by entering a text string and having the program search for a matching string. The search commands are controlled from the Search submenu. This is accessed by pressing: <F10> S This will display the following submenu: +Find ,Replace -Again .Options Use Of Find Find is a very simple function to use. To use it simply press: <F10> S F And enter the text that you wish found and press <Enter>. Once the first occurrence of it is found, you can press: <Ctrl> A To repeat it a second time. You can also press: <F10> S A For more of the keyboard shortcuts, see: Keyboard Shortcuts / 0Limitations Options While the above search procedure worked fine, it was specific to the entry that was typed. This can often be bad, particularly if you are not sure how the original text was typed. To modify the searching procedure is done by using the "Options" command. This command is activated by pressing the following: <F10> S O This will pull up on screen a square dialog box from which the options can be selected by use of the arrow keys to point to the option that you desire to change, and the <LeftArrow> and <RightArrow> keys to change that option. The following are the options that can modify the searching process. 1Global Replace 2Whole Word 3Forward Search 4Query 5Ignore Query Keyboard Shortcuts As with many other menu driven commands in Black Magic, there are keyboard shortcuts for the Search Functions. These shortcuts are as follows: Key Combination Action <Ctrl> F Find <Ctrl> R Replace <Ctrl> A Again <Ctrl> O Options Commands Using any of these short cuts is done by pressing that key combination and then following the prompts. <PageUp> and <PageDown> The first of them is through the use of the <PgUp> and <PgDn> keys. These keys are located near the arrow keys and are used for "paging" through a document screen by screen. They typically move you up or down by 24 lines of information. Home & End The next step to maneuvering through a document is through the use of <Home> and <End>. There are two key on the numeric keypad marked <Home> and <End>. These keys can be used in conjunction with other keys to do movement within the document. The below table details the ways that they can be used for movement. Key Combination Action <Home> Beginning of line <End> End of line <Ctrl><Home> Top of Current Text Stream <Ctrl><End> Bottom of Current Text Stream limitations. Their first limitation is that any marker is line specific, not position specific. What this means is that any marker when activated will bring you to the line that it was set on, but not to the specific position. The other limitation that markers have is that they are not saved to disk with the file. They are strictly temporary pointer to a location. A logical consequence of this is that when the line with a marker is deleted, so is that marker.. Find is used to search out a string. Replace is used to automatically find a
string and replace that string with a specified one. Again is used to repeat the last
Find/Change. Options is used to control the manner in
which Search and Replace function. While this above search procedure did work, it has limitations since the options were left at the defaults. For example the above search would not only find "outsideness", but also any word that contained "outsideness" inside it.. This could be circumvented by use of the options. The "Global Replace" option is never used for
searches. Its function is to determine if replace operations affect the whole document (Global) or
if they are only from the cursor position forward
(Global Replace = Off). The default for "Global Replace" is Off, or replacements happen only from the cursor location
forward. The "Global Replace" option is never used for searches. Its function is to determine
if replace operations affect the whole document
(Global) or if they are only from the cursor position forward (Global
Replace = Off). revea/ The default for "Global Replace" is Off,
or replacements happen only from the cursor location
forward. The "Whole Word" setting determines if the search
and replace operations are limited to the whole words or parts of words. This means that if you
are searching "Man" with "Whole Word" set to off
then it could find "Mannequin" inits search
because "Man" is a part of "Mannequin". If the "Whole Word" option had been set to on then
"Mannequin" would not have been found - it could
only find "Man" (the whole word). The default here
is off. "Forward Search" sets the direction that the
search or replace operation takes. If it is set to forward (the default), then these operations occur
from the cursor position towards the end of the
document. If it is set to backward, then the operations
occur backwards from the cursor location to the
beginning. Query is used to determine whether or not Black
Magic should confirm each replacement with you or
if it should do them automatically. The default for "Query" is On, or Black Magic will query you about every replacement. Ignore Case - determines if the search and replace operations are case specific. "Case" is used here
to mean capitalization of letters. If this option is on then case does not matter,
where as if it is off then any operations will
occur in a case specific fashion. The default
setting for case is on or ignore case. Although many people prefer composing on a word processor. HELP C5 C3 CONTENTS f cls C5 C7 " MANSUPP MANSUPP " MANSUPP %
